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非谓语动词
I、分词：分词分为现在分词和过去分词。
1、现在分词的主动语态分为一般式（doing…）和完成式（having done…）;
e.g. Working together with Jim, I learnt a lot from him.
Having finished their work, they had a rest.
2、现在分词的被动语态也分为一般式（being done）和完成式（having been done）。
e.g. Being asked to tell a story, she refused.
Having been told the news, he hurried to his home.
3、现在分词的用法：
（1）、作定语：单个的现在分词作定语放在所修饰的名词前，现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后，相当于一个定语从句。
e.g. It is an exciting story.
The boy standing there is a classmate of mine. （= who is standing there）
（2）、作表语：
e.g. The work was tiring.那工作累人。
The film we saw was very moving.我们看的那部电影很感人。
（3）、做宾语补足语：（即 + sb doing sth.）可带这种复合宾语的动词有：see, watch, observe, look at, notice, find, hear, feel, get, have, keep, leave等。
e.g. I saw him cleaning the room.
They kept me waiting for a long time.
（4）、作状语：（表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式等意义，相当于一个状语从句）
e.g. Hearing the good news ( = When he heard the good news), he jumped with joy. (时间)
Being ill ( = As he was ill), he went home. (原因)
Working hard (= If you work hard), you will get a good result. (条件)
He fell, striking his head against the wall. ( =…, so he struck his head against the wall.)
Weighing almost one hundred jin (= Though it weighed…), the box was lifted by him with one hand.
He came running to school.他跑着来学校。
4、过去分词表示完成和被动的动作，用法为：
（1）、作定语：单个的过去分词作定语放在所修饰的名词前，过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后。
e.g. In autumn, you can see many fallen leaves on the ground.
I’ve already read the book written by you.
（2）、作表语：
e.g. They soon became tired because of heavy work..
The cup is broken.
（3）、做宾语补足语：
e.g. He is going to have his hair cut.
When you speak English, you should make yourself understood.
（4）、作状语：
e.g. Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
5、几点说明：
（1）、现在分词的一般式常表示“主动”和“进行”，而由及物动词变来的过去分词常表示“被动”和“完成”。
e.g. Who is the girl speaking to our English teacher?
the changing world
What is the language spoken in Australia?
the changed world
（2）、不及物动词的过去分词只有“完成”的含义。
e.g. the falling leaves 落叶（正往下落的）
the fallen leaves 落叶（已落到地上的）
（3）、现在分词的被动式（being done）和及物动词的过去分词两者都表示“被动”，但前者表示一个正在进行的动作，而后者多表示一个完成了的动作。
e.g. The problem being discussed now has something important to do with our everyday life.
The problem discussed yesterday has something important to do with our everyday life.
（4）、分词作伴随状况状语时，若表示“正在被……”的概念，常用过去分词，而不用现在分词的被动式。
e.g. Followed by a dog, the old man entered the room. （不能用being followed）
（5）、分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。若逻辑主语是分词动作的执行者，就要用现在分词；若逻辑主语是分词动作的承受者，就要用过去分词。
e.g. Seeing from the top of the hill, we found the park was very beautiful.
（6）、分词作状语时，若分词的主语不是句子的主语，分词需要带自己的主语，从而构成独立主格结构。
e.g. Weather permitting, they will go to the zoo.
（7）、“judging from…”等少数分词短语为惯用语，用来解释整句话，是独立成份，其逻辑主语在句中无法找出。这类分词惯用语还有：generally speaking （一般说来），honestly speaking（说实话），strictly speaking（严格地讲），talking of（谈起），speaking of（谈到）等。
e.g. Judging from her accent, she must be from Henan.
（8）、分词的否定结构就是在分词前加not。
e.g. Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.
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