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飞机上的“黑匣子”[文章版权 禁止转载:考试与评价 1};}=
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飞机失事后经常被提及的一个词就是“黑匣子”。这个事实上为橙色的“黑匣子”是用来记录飞机飞行过程中一些重要数据的工具，通过里面记录的相关数据，调查人员可以分析出失事原因。
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Black boxes - which are actually orange - are a group of data collection devices mounted in the tail of an aircraft.
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Under internationally agreed regulations, commercial aircraft must carry the equipment to record the performance and the condition of the aircraft in flight.
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The recorders are housed in immensely strong materials, such as titanium, and insulated to withstand a crash impact many times the force of gravity, temperatures of more than 1,000 deg C for up to 30 minutes and the immense pressure of lying on the seabed.
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One manufacturing test for data recorders involves firing them from a cannon into a wall to simulate an aircraft suffering a catastrophic crash landing while traveling at hundreds of miles an hour.
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The recording material is itself insulated against accidental deletion and the corrosive effects of sea water.
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Modern black boxes record up to 300 factors of flight including:
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Airspeed and altitude
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Heading and vertical acceleration
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Aircraft pitch
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Cockpit conversations
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Radio communications
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The safety precautions are designed to ensure, theoretically, that accident investigators will be able to recover the recorders, compile a full picture of an aircraft's last moments from the recordings and then accurately explain what went wrong.
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Origins
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Australia lays claim to the development of the flight recorder after one of its scientists dreamed up the concept following the birth of commercial jet aircraft in the 1950s.
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In 1953, jet flight experts were struggling to understand why a number of Comet airliners had inexplicably crashed, throwing the entire prospect of commercial jet air travel into doubt.
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A year later Dr David Warren, an Australian aviation scientist, proposed a flight recording device and by 1958 he had produced the prototype "ARL Flight Memory Unit".
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That first version was slightly larger than an adult hand but capable of recording some four hours of cockpit conversation and instrument readings.
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To Dr Warren's surprise, the device was at first rejected by aviation authorities as having "little immediate direct use in civil aircraft" while pilots described it as a "Big Brother" spying on their actions.
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On taking the device to the UK, Dr Warren was enthusiastically received and, following a BBC report on the device, manufacturers came forward to take over the project.
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Similar developments had by this stage also begun in the United States and by 1960 the first steps were being taken to make the devices mandatory.
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Computers have now replaced magnetic tape, meaning the devices can record more data and are far more likely to survive an impact.
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